D.D. (Liberia And Nigeria) v The Minister for Justice and Equality & ors (Approved) [2018] IEHC 507 (27 July 2018)

BAILII is celebrating 24 years of free online access to the law! Would you consider making a contribution?
No donation is too small. If every visitor before 31 December gives just £1, it will have a significant impact on BAILII's ability to continue providing free access to the law.
Thank you very much for your support!

THE MINISTER FOR JUSTICE AND EQUALITY, IRELAND AND THE ATTORNEY GENERAL

JUDGMENT of Mr. Justice Richard Humphreys delivered on the 27th day of July, 2018

1. The applicant was born in 1984. He claims to have left Liberia on 31st September, 2008, travelling by plane to Belfast and arriving

on 1st October, 2008. He was fingerprinted as an illegal entrant on 3rd October, 2008. Later in 2008 he arrived in the State. In his

interview he says that his girlfriend’s father arranged the travel. The Refugee Applications Commissioner made a negative

recommendation. In February, 2009 the Refugee Appeals Tribunal rejected the appeal. The applicant was found not to be credible.

2. On 18th March, 2009 a proposal to deport was issued, the so-called three options letter. This is an important document in the

context of the present proceedings. On 4th April, 2009, the applicant sought subsidiary protection and leave to remain. He left for the

UK shortly after making the subsidiary protection application, saying he arrived on 31st May, 2009. The Minister was informed that he

was apprehended there on 6th August, 2009. He was imprisoned in HMP Manchester awaiting trial regarding possession of a false

Dutch passport and a counterfeited UK national insurance card. He was duly convicted and served a custodial sentence in connection

with the fraud charges. He did not admit in his interview with the UK authorities that he had been resident in Ireland. On 20th

February, 2010 he was returned under the Dublin II regulation. He claims that from 2010 to 2011 he was in a relationship with an Irish

citizen and had a child with that citizen, who resides with the mother. He claims he subsequently formed a relationship with a Latvian

national. On 6th December, 2012, subsidiary protection was refused. On 18th December, 2012 a deportation order was issued. On 4th

January, 2013 the applicant’s solicitors wrote stating that the applicant was in a relationship with an Irish citizen and had an Irish

citizen child. The letter does not assert that there is an ongoing relationship. That is not entirely the same story as set out in his

3. On 24th January, 2013 the present proceedings issued. That is also an important date for present purposes, almost four years after

the three options letter. On 15th February, 2013 at a time when he was unlawfully present in the State and subject to a deportation

order, he married the Latvian citizen. On 17th September, 2013 the deportation order was revoked because of that marriage. On 18th

September, 2013 he was granted a five year permission to reside in the State by reason of the marriage. On 28th December, 2013 he

says he has a child with the Latvian citizen. He claims they separated in 2014. On 9th October, 2017 leave was granted, including on

4. I have received helpful submissions from Mr. Paul O’Shea B.L. for the applicant and from Mr. David Conlan Smyth S.C., and Ms.

Elizabeth Cogan B.L., who also addressed the court, for the respondents.

5. The primary relief sought is certiorari of the subsidiary protection refusal. By order of 1st May, 2018, I allowed additional reliefs

seeking a declaration that the Minister erred in failing to allow the applicant to remain temporarily during the assessment of the

subsidiary protection claim and erred in not providing the option to the applicant to leave the State without a deportation order if his

6. The respondents challenged my order giving liberty to amend, which was made on a de bene esse basis, but I am not persuaded

that the amendment should have been refused given the information before the court at the time. There is a limit to how deeply a

court can get into an application at the amendment stage. That is, of course, separate from whether the point raised in the

7. The legalistic grounds in the application have already been rejected in N.M. v. Minister for Justice and Equality [2018] IEHC 186

[2018] 2 JIC 2710 and F.M. (Democratic Republic of Congo) v. Minister for Justice and Equality & ors [2018] IEHC 274 [2018] 4 JIC

1706 (under appeal) other than a point said to arise from the judgment in Luximon v. Minister for Justice and Equality and Balchand v.

Minister for Justice and Equality [2018] IESC 24 [2018] 2 I.L.R.M. 153. Apart from the grounds relating to that point, and the

formally-moved legalistic points, the only other grounds being pressed by Mr. O’Shea are grounds 4A, 6 and 7.

Luximon point is a collateral challenge to the letter of 18th March, 2009.

8. It is clear that the effect of the Luximon grounds are to challenge the three options letter, and indeed Mr. O’Shea accepts that.

The problem there is that the time limit in s. 5 of the Illegal Immigrants (Trafficking) Act 2000 applies as the three options letter is a

proposal to deport and is subject to s. 5. The time limit would not be a problem if the point being made was one going to the

substance of the subsidiary protection decision, which the applicant could have dealt with by way of making submissions and awaiting

the final decision and then challenging the latter if negative. But the question of whether the applicant should have a right to remain

in the State pending the subsidiary protection decision is inherently an ephemeral situation and time runs from when the grounds first

arise, namely the date of the three options letter at the latest.

9. However, rather than decide the matter on time I would assume in favour of the applicant that I am entirely wrong about the

foregoing and that he is not out of time. There are multiple reasons why the claim must fail.

(a) As a matter of practicality, the Minister did allow the applicant to remain in the State during the currency of the

(b) The applicant’s submission is not warranted by Luximon. Paragraph 43 of Luximon states that a person who is refused

a renewal of permission by the Minister might never enter the s. 3 process because in order to do so they would have to

place themselves in the situation of remaining illegally in the State. The punchline is that the Minister is not entitled to

include a requirement to leave the State in a refusal of renewal under s. 4(7). That is not relevant here. The ratio of

Luximon is firstly, that the Minister does not have jurisdiction to require someone to leave the State when refusing a

renewal under s. 4 (7); and secondly that the Minister should consider art. 8 of the ECHR when considering renewal of

permission under that provision. Neither of these points apply here.

have to leave the State before one’s art. 8 rights could be considered. Nothing like that arises here. All of the applicant’s

rights were considered in the subsidiary protection and deportation context. As the respondents’ submissions point out at

para. 24, eligibility to be considered for subsidiary protection was not predicated on the applicant’s illegal presence but on

(d) The applicant’s complaints regarding a lack of a right to reside are moot as he was given permission to reside.

Furthermore, all issues relating to the conduct of the deportation process and the question of the applicant’s right to

remain pending finalisation of the process no longer arise and are entirely moot because the applicant was given such a

(e) The applicant lacks standing as he was not inhibited from making a subsidiary protection application. He was not

harmed or in any way hindered from making a subsidiary protection application. In the absence of such standing, a

reference to the CJEU does not arise. That cannot be “necessary” if the applicant has no standing.

(f) Even if I am wrong about all of the foregoing and the question of considering some shortcoming in the system should

arise, it would not be just and convenient to grant declaratory relief. The applicant is the last man standing in the

category of persons who successfully delayed the finalisation of their subsidiary protection applications on the grounds of

the M.M. case. He is in a category of one. The system under which he was dealt with ceased to exist on 31st December,

2016. Declarations in such a situation are neither just, convenient nor appropriate and contribute nothing of benefit to

the applicant or anyone else. Mr. O’Shea claims it would be of benefit to him if the Minister was minded to refuse to renew

his present permission if he was able to say that his presence in the State during the limited period awaiting the

subsidiary protection application was lawful rather than unlawful. Whether that presence was technically lawful or

unlawful does not seem to matter very much as the Minister’s written submissions effectively make clear because we are

all agreed as to the basis of that presence, namely an unsettled basis pending a protection decision. It does not add

anything tangible to the applicant’s status, nor does it enhance or advance any hypothetical citizenship application, for

example, if that presence is to be regarded as technically lawful rather than technically unlawful. Thus the benefit of a

declaration to the applicant is entirely speculative and hypothetical. Furthermore, the applicant cannot point to anyone

else in this situation. Mr. O’Shea as it happens has been making the enmeshment complaint without conspicuous success

in dozens of cases for a period of over six years since V.J. (Moldova) v. Minister for Justice and Equality [2012] IEHC 337

(Unreported, Cooke J., 31st July, 2012), a judgment in proceedings commenced on 19th June, 2012. Leaving aside

matters at appellate level, there is simply no-one else left at High Court level - not a single person - that could benefit

from a declaration. The applicant here is a kindred spirit of the last Japanese soldier discovered decades on, fighting World

War II in a remote jungle. It is hard to imagine a situation where a declaration is less appropriate than the present case.

10. The failure to provide an express permission to remain in the State and the refusal of the asylum claim arose in March, 2009. Any

effective remedy argument based on arts. 3 or 13 of the ECHR, as applied by the European Convention on Human Rights Act 2003,

must fail for the reasons set out above. Furthermore, the 2003 Act is not pleaded in ground 7A so this ground cannot succeed as

formulated. The pleas under Article 40.3 of the Constitution are entirely general and opaque. Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental

Rights does not alter the position and the reasoning set out above.

11. Most fundamentally of all, the applicant was not deprived of an effective remedy. His application was fully considered and he has

judicial review available now of that decision. No lack of effective remedy has been shown.

13. Ground 4A alleges that country material that post-dated the decision was not put to the applicant. I have already dealt with that

complaint in a number of decisions, including I.M. v. Minister for Justice and Equality [2018] IEHC 296 (Unreported, High Court, 24th

April, 2018) (under appeal) following Y.Y. v. Minister for Justice and Equality[2017] IESC 61 (Unreported, Supreme Court 27th July,

2017). The applicant does not aver that he would have had anything specific to say had he been given notice of the particular

country material. Thus the evidential foundation for this point is entirely lacking. He submits that he would have urged a different

interpretation of the material but there was nothing stopping him putting forward whatever information he wanted and urging

whatever interpretation of generally-known country material he wanted. Interpretation of such material is a matter for the Minister,

14. Ground 6 complains that the country information was read selectively against the applicant and not in a rational manner. There is

no obligation to read material in favour of an applicant. No irrationality has been shown. It must be taken that the Minister will have

formed general views as to particular country situations. That is entirely legitimate: see G.O.B. v. Minister for Justice, Equality and

Law Reform [2008] IEHC 229 (Unreported, Birmingham J., 3rd June, 2008).

15. Ground 7 complains that there is a lack of reasons in the decision. That point has not been made out. The decision appears to be

reasoned. The Minister is entitled to have regard to the rejection of the applicant’s credibility by the tribunal. Mr. O’Shea complains

that the relevant questions were not considered, but those questions are set out in the subsidiary protection decision and addressed

16. The fundamental abuse of the subsidiary protection process by leaving the State during the currency of the application as well as

the applicant’s involvement in immigration fraud in the United Kingdom by possession of false U.K. and Dutch documentation precludes

relief in any event. Had I not dismissed it on the merits, and even if it had been in time, I would have refused relief on discretionary

17. Mr. O’Shea submits, mechanically, that if any doubt should arise in relation to EU law I should refer the matter to Luxemburg. It is

a facile interpretation of EU law that all an applicant has to do is raise a European point. The point must be necessary for the

determination of the proceedings, and those proceedings must comply with national rules in accordance with the principle of national

(i). refuse the application to refer questions to the CJEU under Article 267 of the TFEU, questions which were never

19. This is now the last of the M.M. cases at High Court level. On 14th February, 2018, when the Supreme Court gave judgment in

M.M. v. Minister for Justice and Equality [2018] IESC 10 [2018] 1 ILRM 361, approximately 43 judicial reviews were backing up that

decision at High Court level. Some were struck out but around half required a full hearing. Within a fortnight, the first of those back-

up cases had been heard and determined: see N.M. v. Minister for Justice and Equality [2018] IEHC 186 [2018] 2 JIC 2710

(Unreported, High Court, 27th February, 2018). I am now dismissing the last of those cases. O’Donnell J. noted at para. 31 of the

Supreme Court judgment in M.M. that “the decision of this court may bring to a close this act in the long running drama but it is

unlikely to be the last scene.” The present judgment closes the act that followed. As far as the High Court is concerned, therefore, it

is finita la commedia.

	[Home] [Databases] [World Law] [Multidatabase Search] [Help] [Feedback]
	High Court of Ireland Decisions
You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> High Court of Ireland Decisions >> D.D. (Liberia And Nigeria) v The Minister for Justice and Equality & ors (Approved) [2018] IEHC 507 (27 July 2018) URL: http://www.bailii.org/ie/cases/IEHC/2018/2018IEHC507.html Cite as: [2018] IEHC 507

High Court of Ireland Decisions