O.A. (Nigeria) v The International Protection Appeals Tribunal & anor [2020] IEHC 100 (11 February 2020)

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THE INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION APPEALS TRIBUNAL AND THE MINISTER FOR

JUDGMENT of Mr. Justice Richard Humphreys delivered on the 11th day of February,

1. The applicant was born in Nigeria in 1981. She travelled to the U.K. in 2007, but did not

seek asylum there. Subsequently, she spent considerable time in France, but did not seek

2. She came to the State in 2012, again without seeking asylum, and returned to her own

country in 2014. She then came back to the State on 2nd January, 2015 but did not seek

protection for over a two-year period instead, she got a student visa, valid until October,

2015. In April 2015 she sought an EU Treaty Rights Residents Card on the basis of

dependency on an Irish citizen sister. That was refused on 8th July, 2015 and seems to

have been then treated as an application for permission to remain based on an Irish

citizen relation, which was again refused on 12th November, 2015. On 15th August,

3. The applicant sought to have that order revoked under s. 3 (11) of the Immigration Act

1999. In the meantime, a separate EU Treaty Rights application was made on the basis

of dependency on a different sister who was a U.K. citizen. That was refused and a

4. She then took a first judicial review action [2016 No. 963 J.R.] against that refusal, but

that action was withdrawn in March 2017. Finally, on 15th March, 2017 she applied for

international protection for the first time anywhere, based on her alleged sexual

orientation. The deportation order was revoked because of the protection application, but

the application itself was rejected by the International Protection Office on 21st

5. She appealed to the International Protection Appeals Tribunal which held an oral hearing

on 30th April, 2019. Mr. Colm Kitson B.L. appeared at that oral hearing for the applicant

and the same counsel is briefed in the present judicial review; a helpful practice which

invariably assists the court. The applicant was told at the oral hearing that the tribunal

“required sworn evidence” but she “declined to swear an oath … and stated that she

would instead give her evidence under affirmation” (tribunal decision para. 2.8). The

problem with that is that the applicant does have a religious belief that does not preclude

swearing, as evidenced by the fact that she has sworn an affidavit in these proceedings,

so her refusal to swear to the truth of her account before the tribunal could be taken to

do little for her credibility. While the tribunal member did not expressly say he was

taking that approach, it can certainly be said that her casual attitude to the oath does

nothing to enhance her case. The law is that an oath is binding and valid whether one

has a religious belief or not, but if one wishes to affirm as an alternative one must, under

the Oaths Act 1888, either have no religious belief or a religious belief that precludes

swearing. On the face of things, the applicant did not meet those criteria so was not

6. On 20th August, 2019 the IPAT rejected the appeal. The applicant’s account was found

not to be credible. On 4th October, 2019 the statement of grounds was filed, the primary

relief sought being certiorari of the IPAT decision. I have now received helpful

submissions from Mr. Kitson B.L. who, as mentioned above, appears for the applicant,

7. Ground 1 contends that “the respondent erred in law in particular s. 28 (4) of the

International Protection Act, 2015 in failing to properly assess the credibility of the

applicant’s claim by relying solely on matters which were incidental to her account in

particular her purported delay in applying for asylum”. The factual premise of this ground

is incorrect. The tribunal did not rely “solely” on matters incidental to the claim; rather,

as put by the tribunal member, “all of the information and documentation provided has

been fully considered” para. 2.9. That is spelled out further in paras. 4.1 to 4.11, where

individual items and materials submitted are considered in detail. More fundamentally, it

was open to the tribunal to find against the applicant by reference to factors undermining

her credibility although they are not part of her so called “core” claim, such as delay in

claiming asylum, a failure to apply for protection in another safe country, an implausible

tale related to travel arrangements or the consistency of any factual information whether

related to the claim of persecution or harm, or not: see I.E. v. Minister for Justice and

Equality [2016] IEHC 85, [2016] 2 JIC 1505, 2016 WJSC-HC 8936 (Unreported, High

8. Ground 2 contends that “the respondent erred in law in particular s. 28 (4) of the

International Protection Act, 2015 in failing to properly assess the credibility of the

applicant’s claim by failing to take into account the relevant statement in documentation

presented by the applicant”. This complaint fails for similar reasons. The tribunal

member did take into account all statements and documentation presented. In view of

the many credibility problems with the applicant’s account, it was very much open to the

tribunal to decide against the applicant notwithstanding such material as might be

thought to be favourable. The imaginative argument was raised that material submitted

may have been considered, but it was not taken into account; unfortunately there is no

9. Ground 3 contends that “the Tribunal erred in finding that no weight could be afforded to

medical evidence in particular a letter from a Dr. Nelson which it was accepted by the

Tribunal was not a forgery and which was corroborative of the applicant’s account of past

persecution”. At para. 4.6 of the decision the tribunal cites the decision of the U.K.

Immigration Appeal Tribunal in Ahmed v. Secretary of State for the Home Department

[2002] UKIAT 00439 (Unreported, Immigration Appeal Tribunal, 19th February, 2002).

At para. 31 of that decision, Collins J. for the tribunal stated as follows: “It is trite

immigration and asylum law that we must not judge what is or is not likely to happen in

other countries by reference to our perception of what is normal within the United

Kingdom. The principle applies as much to documents as to any other form of evidence.

We know from experience and country information that there are countries where it is

easy and often relatively inexpensive to obtain ‘forged’ documents. Some of them are

false in that they are not made by whoever purports to be the author and the information

they contain is wholly or partially untrue. Some are ‘genuine’ to the extent that they

emanate from a proper source, in the proper form, on the proper paper, with the proper

seals, but the information they contain is wholly or partially untrue. Examples are birth,

death and marriage certificates from certain countries, which can be obtained from the

proper source for a ‘fee’, but contain information which is wholly or partially untrue. The

permutations of truth, untruth, validity and ‘genuineness’ are enormous. At its simplest

we need to differentiate between form and content; that is whether a document is

properly issued by the purported author and whether the contents are true. They are

separate questions. It is a dangerous oversimplification merely to ask whether a

document is ‘forged’ or even ‘not genuine’. It is necessary to shake off any preconception

that official looking documents are genuine, based on experience of documents in the

10. I entirely endorse this analysis as a correct statement of the approach as far as Irish law

is concerned. Thus, the tribunal is correct in para. 4.6 and saying in effect, that merely

because the applicant’s documents are not “a forgery” does not mean that the contents

are correct. That can only be determined “after looking at all of the evidence in the

round” which is what the tribunal did, notwithstanding the criticisms made by the

11. Hogan J. (Finlay Geoghegan and Irvine JJ. concurring) in R.A. v. Refugee Appeals Tribunal

[2017] IECA 297 (Unreported, Court of Appeal, 15th November 2017), raised the

possibility of making a definite finding on documents first, and then assessing an

applicant’s credibility in the light of that. But the circumstances in which such an

approach is possible are exceptional to vanishing point. It does not appear that the

Immigration Appeal Tribunal decision in Ahmed was drawn to the attention of the Court of

Appeal in R.A., and it seems to me that the same criticisms of the black-or-white,

genuine-or-forgery attitude, that are so tellingly made by the U.K. Immigration Appeal

Tribunal would be equally legitimate in the context of any simplistic interpretation of the

12. It certainly can be said that it is extremely unlikely in practice that an exercise of the type

speculatively mentioned in R.A., that is, making a definite decision on documents before

assessing an applicant’s credibility overall, could meaningfully be undertaken. Of course,

it’s very hard to exorcise exceptional circumstances from any area of the law, and the

reality is that applicants will claim exceptional circumstances in almost every case

(witness the prevalence of reliance on article 8 of the ECHR by unsettled migrants). But

overall, with immense respect, it is hard not to feel that Hogan J.’s obiter comments in

R.A. have been misinterpreted by applicants, thereby causing general confusion. The

general rule is that an assessment of the reliability of documents cannot be separated

from an assessment of the credibility of the applicant; and if there are exceptions to that,

then they are more theoretical than real for virtually all practical purposes.

13. More fundamentally, as in C.M. (Zimbabwe) v. IPAT [2018] IEHC 35, [2018] 1 JIC 2304,

(Unreported, High Court, 23rd January, 2018), where the tribunal member had said that

the medical reports had no weight, I read that as meaning that such support, if any, as

the medical reports provided was outweighed by the general lack of credibility of the

applicant. The same language of no weight is used here (see para. 4.9), and one might

again consider that particular phrasing to be sub-optimal. Unless there is some legal

reason why that phraseology is appropriate, which was not advanced, and is not

otherwise apparent to me, one might well legitimately take the view that the paraphrase

in C.M. (Zimbabwe) is preferable. Nonetheless, the fundamental principle of separation of

powers remains. The court must interpret an administrative decision in a way that makes

it valid rather than invalid if that is possible, and in a way that makes sense rather than

nonsense, see per Finlay P. in Re Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann [1977] 12 JIC 1402, 1975

WJSC-HC 633 (Unreported, High Court, 14th December, 1977). I do so here by reading

para. 4.9 of the tribunal decision in the same way as the corresponding phrase explained

14. Mr. Kitson majors on a reading of the decision to the effect that the tribunal rejected the

applicant’s general credibility first, without considering the medical materials. That fails

on the facts here because here that material was considered; and the reference to the

medical documentation having no weight is more an explanation and an articulation of a

conclusion, which comes after the general finding. The point needs to be made that it is

not a matter for the courts to dictate the format and wording of administrative decisions,

15. Such decisions have to be structured in some way; and the court should not artificially

prevent the decision-maker from laying out his or her exposition of the matter in

whatever way seems most appropriate to him or her. Points have to be made in some

order and whether one is a judge, a tribunal member or an administrative decision-

maker, one is always vulnerable to the entirely bogus argument that points articulated at

a later stage of a decision were not taken into account in deciding on points that are

articulated at an earlier stage. I do not accept that the obiter comments of Hogan J. in

R.A. dictate any particular sequence for points to be decided in an international protection

decision as a matter of law. If, contrary to my view, that is the sense of those obiter

comments, I would reject such a view as clearly wrong. On the grounds both of its

inappropriateness in principle and its unworkability in practice, such a straitjacketed

approach cannot be followed and has indeed already been rejected in England.

16. A certain amount of confusion was created there by the Court of Appeal decision in

Mibanga v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] EWCA Civ 367,

[2005] INLR 377, that condemned the structure of the protection refusal in that case. Wilson J.

in his judgment in Mibanga said at para. 24: “one cannot make a cake with only one

ingredient, so also frequently one cannot make a case, in the sense of establishing its

truth, otherwise than by combination of a number of pieces of evidence.” Perhaps

irreverently, but nonetheless totally appropriately, the U.K. Immigration Appeal Tribunal

tackled the logical shortcomings of that Court of Appeal judgment in H.H. (Ethiopia)

[2005] UKIAT 00164, (Unreported, IAT (Judges Mackey and Lane), 25th November,

2005) at para. 21, holding that Mibanga was: “not intended to place judicial fact-finders

in a form of forensic straightjacket. In particular, the Court of Appeal is not to be

regarded as laying down any rule of law as to the order in which judicial fact-finders are

to approach the evidential materials before them. To take Wilson J's ‘cake’ analogy, all its

ingredients cannot be thrown together into the bowl simultaneously. One has to start

somewhere.” That perhaps slightly iconoclastic approach to the Court of Appeal by

tribunal judges was logically compelling and was vindicated when the Court of Appeal

itself revisited the issue in S. v. Secretary of State for the Home Department

[2006] EWCA Civ 1153, [2007] INLR 60, a decision which endorsed the approach in H.H.

(Ethiopia) and held that the outcome in Mibanga was extraordinary and exceptional (see

Ground 4: alleged failure to come to a clear or reasoned decision on a core element of

17. Ground 4 alleges that “the respondent erred in law by failing to come to a clear and/or

reasoned decision on a core element of her claim for international protection namely her

sexuality”. That is not so. There is a clear and reasoned finding specifying precisely what

parts of the applicant’s account are accepted (see para. 4.11). By implication, it is

Ground 5: Alleged error regarding approach to credibility of the sexuality claimed by

18. Ground 5 alleges that “without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, the

respondent erred in law by failing to provide a properly reasoned decision by rejecting the

credibility of the applicant’s claimed sexuality solely by reference to not applying the

benefit of the doubt to that aspect of her claim without any assessment on the credibility

of the statements presented by the applicant”. The problem with this argument is that

the claim of sexual orientation was not supported by documentary evidence; therefore,

the benefit of the doubt issue properly arose (see s. 28 (7) of the 2015 Act). Mr.

McDowell’s submissions eloquently summarise the position: “accordingly the Tribunal is

entitled (and in fact obliged by law) to utilise the benefit of the doubt test and having

rejected the applicant’s general credibility it was also entitled not to accept her claims

19. Even if I am wrong in endorsing that submission, this is in any event only a semantic

issue, as it is clear that having seen and heard the applicant, the tribunal did not accept

20. The application is dismissed.

Result: Application Dismissed

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