Pugh & Anor v P.G.M. Financial Services Ltd & Ors [2020] IEHC 49 (23 January 2020)

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JOHN PUGH & RORY HARTE

P.G.M. FINANCIAL SERVICES LIMITED,

PATRICK MCENTEE, WEALTH OPTIONS TRUSTEES LIMITED,

ROWAN ASSET MANAGEMENT LIMITED,

PETER DUNNE, PRACTISING UNDER THE STYLE AND TITLE OF

CANADA LIFE (IRELAND) LIMITED TRADING AS CANADA LIFE,

IRISH LIFE ASSURANCE PLC TRADING AS IRISH LIFE

JUDGMENT of Mr. Justice Sanfey delivered on the 23rd day of January 2020

1. This is an application by the first and second named defendants for an order pursuant to

the inherent jurisdiction of the court or pursuant to O. 36, r. 12 of the Rules of the

Superior Courts dismissing the plaintiff’s proceedings as against the first and second

named defendants for delay and want of prosecution. The first and second named

defendants seek in the alternative orders pursuant to O. 19, r. 27 and 28 of the Rules of

the Superior Courts striking out the plaintiff’s claims for fraudulent misrepresentation and

deceit, and dishonest breach of trust as against the first and second named defendants

contained in para. 3 of the general endorsement of claim in the plenary summons, and

striking out the plaintiff’s claims for the reliefs sought in para. 3 at the conclusion of the

statement of claim, including in particular the claim for fraudulent misrepresentation and

misstatement as against the second named defendant. The first and second named

defendants seek these latter reliefs by reason of the alleged failure of the plaintiff to

provide particulars of those claims as required by O. 19, r. 5(2).

2. It is clear that the application to strike out claims set out in the plenary summons and

statement of claim only arises in the event that the application to dismiss the plaintiff’s

proceedings as against the first and second named defendants for want of prosecution is

unsuccessful. It is therefore proposed to deal firstly with the application to dismiss for

want of prosecution, and in order to do so, it is necessary to examine the allegations set

out in the pleadings, the positions of the parties and the issues arising therefrom.

3. The first and second named plaintiffs are described in the statement of claim as a

businessman and a sales director respectively. The second named defendant is a

financial adviser and is an employee and/or director of the first named defendant.

4. It is alleged in the statement of claim – and not disputed by the second named defendant

– that the first named plaintiff knew the second named defendant from approximately the

late 1980’s. The second named plaintiff was introduced to the second named defendant

by the first named plaintiff. However, the second named defendant specifically denies in

the defence that either of the plaintiffs reposed trust and confidence in him as alleged in

the statement of claim. It would therefore appear that there is a fundamental dispute

about the nature of the longstanding relationship between the plaintiffs and the second

5. In 2007, the second named plaintiff was advised by the second named defendant in

relation to investment options for the balance available to him on the closure of the

second named plaintiff’s defined benefit pension scheme. The first named plaintiff also

received advice and recommendations from the second named defendant regarding his

pension options. In late 2007 – or January 2008 as the first and second named

defendants allege – the first and second named defendants organised a meeting that was

attended by the plaintiffs and a number of other people. The plaintiffs allege that the

second named defendant hosted the meeting, introducing the parties who he said would

be involved in the organisation, operation and management of the “PGM Property Fund”.

The plaintiffs allege that those present at the meeting were informed of a number of

matters, including that the fund would invest in prime locations in central London; that it

would purchase properties in the £2m - £5m price range; that it would purchase

properties with leases that could be tidied up, and the properties sold on in an eighteen

month to three-year timeframe; that the fund would be a leveraged fund; and that there

would be a constant communication and reporting to investors. It is alleged that certain

speakers at the meeting gave assurances in relation to past performance of the value of

the funds as set out in a promotional brochure, and that details were given of prestigious

properties in central London.

6. The first and second named defendants deny that they made any of the aforesaid

statements or representations, and allege that the presentation at the meeting was made

by representatives of the third named defendant and further say that neither the first or

second named defendants had any input into the content of that presentation.

7. The plaintiffs go on to allege that the second named defendant informed them that he

was the “lead investor” in the “PGM Property Fund/Rowan 4 Fund”. The plaintiffs allege

that other assurances were made to them by the second named defendant, and in

particular that the second named defendant encouraged them to invest in the fund which

they refer to as the “Rowan 4 Fund”. This fund is described by the plaintiffs in the

statement of claim as a “seven year closed leveraged property fund”, and the second

named plaintiff claims that the recommendation of the fund to him by the second named

defendant was... “inappropriate given his age, future earning capacity and risk profile”

[para. 13 statement of claim].

8. It is further pleaded in the statement of claim that the “second named defendant

assumed personal responsibility to advise the plaintiffs fully, adequately and honestly in

relation to their monies…”, and that “to the extent that [the second named defendant]

was acting as employee or director of the first named defendant it owed the same duties

to the plaintiffs” [para. 14].

9. At para. 33 of the statement of claim, particulars are given of the manner in which it is

alleged that “…the first and second named defendants have breached their obligations to

the plaintiffs…”. It is clear from these particulars, which are quite general in nature, that

the plaintiffs consider that the first and second named defendants had an ongoing

responsibility to them to advise them and act in their interests throughout the period of

the investment. Two of these particulars give a clear sense of the sort of matters

grounding the claims by the plaintiffs against the first and second named defendants:

“33.4 Failing and neglecting to advise or account for what became of the fund assets or to

take such steps as would be expected of a competent and professional investment

advisor in the circumstances;

33.7 Failing and neglecting to hold anybody to account, or question them and seek

reasons for the catastrophic losses suffered by the Rowan 4 Fund, thus failing in

their role to advise anybody and identify fault for the losses;…”

10. The statement of claim details claims against the third to seventh named defendants, and

in the “reliefs” section of the statement of claim, makes a range of claims expressed in

general terms against “the defendants”. The only claim made against a specific

defendant is at para. 3 of the reliefs sought, which is as follows:

“3. An order directing the second and third named defendants to disclose to the

plaintiffs the precise sum invested by the second named defendant in the Rowan 4

Fund, and if the sum thus disclosed renders his prior representations false,

damages for fraudulent and/or negligent misrepresentation and misstatement

11. In their defence, the first and second named defendants dispute utterly the terms of the

relationship between the plaintiffs and the second named defendant as alleged by the

plaintiffs, denying that they owed fiduciary duties to the plaintiffs or that the plaintiffs

reposed trust and confidence in the second named defendant. It is admitted that the

second named defendant informed the plaintiffs that he was the “lead investor” in the

fund, and the defence asserts that this statement was “at all times true and accurate”.

The defendants deny that the second named defendant assumed personal responsibility

to advise the plaintiffs in relation to their monies, or that he represented that they would

be best served by investing in the fund.

12. It is sufficient to say that the first and second named defendants deny all of the material

allegations against them, and set out their position in the defence in a proactive way

rather than simply deny the matters pleaded against them. In relation to the claim at

para. 3 of the reliefs in the statement of claim as set out above, the first and second

named defendants plead as follows:

“18. Having issued proceedings claiming fraudulent misrepresentation, deceit and

dishonest breach of trust, the plaintiffs have provided no particulars in the

statement of claim in relation to any of those claims as required inter alia by O. 19,

r. 5(2) of the Rules of the Superior Courts, such that those claims and allegations

should now be withdrawn or struck out, and the first and second named defendants

reserve their right to bring an application to this honourable court in that regard.

13. It is very clear from the pleadings that there is conflict between the plaintiffs on the one

hand and the first and second named defendants on the other in relation to virtually all

aspects of their relationship, and in particular from 2007 onwards. The first and second

named defendants dispute the basis on which it is alleged that they dealt with the

plaintiffs and their obligations, if any, arising out of these dealings. One must conclude

from the pleadings that the parties will require to adduce evidence as to the nature and

extent of the dealings between them at least from 2007 onwards, and that such evidence

will be crucial to the court’s determination as to whether or not the duties and obligations

claimed in the statement of claim were in fact owed by the first and second named

defendants to the plaintiffs.

14. The plaintiffs claim that they have suffered loss as a result of the actions of the various

defendants, and duly issued a plenary summons on 20th October, 2014. This has given

rise to a plea in the defence of the first and second named defendants that the plaintiffs’

claim is statute-barred. The plenary summons was not in fact served on the first and

second named defendants until 19th October, 2015, the last day before the summons

15. An appearance was not filed by the first and second named defendants until 23rd

November, 2016. This followed a motion on behalf of the plaintiffs issued on 26th

October, 2016 for judgment in default of appearance. The first and second named

defendants’ solicitors explained the defendants’ inactivity in this regard by stating that, in

April 2016, after receiving correspondence from the plaintiffs’ solicitors requesting that

the defendants enter an appearance, he carried out a search on the Courts Service

Website which indicated that an order had been made on 11th April, 2016, the nature of

which was described on the website as “AMEND SUMMONS”. The solicitor inferred that

such an amended summons would have to be delivered to his clients and decided that he

should wait until the amended summons was served. Notwithstanding this explanation,

the plaintiffs assert that what they say is a considerable delay of over a year in entering

an appearance should weigh against any delay alleged against them.

16. In any event, a statement of claim was delivered on 18th March, 2016, apparently in

response to a motion from one of the other defendants, and a resulting order of this court

on 1st February, 2016. The first and second named defendants delivered a defence on

10th July, 2017, and simultaneously issued a detailed notice for particulars. There was

no response to this notice, and the first and second named defendants issued a motion to

compel delivery of replies to the notice. By order of 26th February, 2018, this Court

ordered the plaintiffs to reply to the notice within four weeks. Ultimately, the plaintiffs

served replies to particulars on 26th April, 2018.

17. The first and second named defendants point out that the replies to particulars of 26th

April, 2018 followed three reminders in August, October and November 2017, following

which the first and second named defendants issued a motion, returnable for 26th

February, 2018, to compel replies to particulars. That motion was struck out on consent

and an order of this Court was made giving a further four weeks to reply. When the

plaintiffs did not comply with this deadline, the solicitors for the first and second named

defendants wrote again threatening a further motion. After some email correspondence

between the respective solicitors, the replies were then delivered on 26th April, 2018.

18. It is worth pointing out that, while certain documentation was furnished with the said

particulars, the replies could charitably be described as “minimalist”, with most of the

replies stating that the matters of which particulars were sought were “matters of

evidence”, with the implication that the plaintiffs were therefore not obliged to reply to

the queries. In particular, detailed particulars were raised by the first and second named

defendants in relation to… “the allegations of fraudulent misrepresentation, deceit and

breach of trust made in the plenary summons, but not particularised in the statement of

claim…” and various specific queries were raised in this regard. Notwithstanding this, the

plaintiffs simply replied that… “these particulars are a matter for evidence”.

19. The first and second named defendants took the view – in my opinion correctly – that

these replies were completely inadequate, and this led to a further comprehensive notice

for further and better particulars from the solicitors for the first and second named

defendants on 15th May, 2018.

20. No further step as between the plaintiffs and the first and second named defendants was

taken until the present notice of motion issued on 28th January, 2019.

21. In their written submissions, the first and second named defendants “…having regard in

particular to the significant pre-commencement delay…”, state that there has been

inordinate delay for the period including:

(i) The period from the issue of the plenary summons on 20th October, 2014 until

service of that summons on 19th October, 2015;

(ii) The period from the issue of a Notice for Particulars by the first and second named

defendants on 10th July, 2017 until 26th April, 2018 … “notwithstanding three

reminders, a motion, a failure to comply with an order giving the plaintiff time to

reply and a further four reminders…”; and

(iii) The period from 26th April, 2018 until the issue of the present application on 29th

22. It was urged upon the court that there was very considerable delay on the part of the

plaintiffs prior to these proceedings, and the first and second named defendants plead at

paragraph 1 of their defence that the proceedings are in fact statute barred. Counsel for

the first and second named defendants argued that it was clear from the matters pleaded

in the statement of claim that the plaintiff alleged that any breach of duty or obligation by

the first and second named defendants to the plaintiffs occurred in late 2007, when the

second named defendant… “actively encouraged the plaintiffs to invest in the Rowan 4

Fund. The decision to recommend a seven year closed leveraged property fund in

particular to the second named plaintiff was inappropriate given his age, future earning

capacity and risk profile” [para. 13]. Complaint was also made by the plaintiffs of the fact

that the second named defendant informed the plaintiff that he was the “lead investor” in

respect of the fund, and it was alleged at para. 14 of the statement of claim that… “the

second named defendant assumed personal responsibility to advise the plaintiffs fully,

adequately and honestly in relation to their monies…”. In these circumstances, and given

that the particulars at para. 33 of the statement of claim appear to allege failures on the

part of the first and second named defendants from the point of entering into the

investment in question, the first and second named defendants submitted that, without

prejudice to their plea that the proceedings are in any event, statute-barred, the period

from the entry into the investment until the issue of the plenary summons – a period of 6

to 7 years – should be considered by this court as bearing on, and highly relevant to, the

question of whether any delay on the part of the plaintiff was inordinate.

23. The plaintiffs on the other hand contend that there was no delay in bringing the claim. In

an affidavit of 7th May, 2019 by John W. Carroll on behalf of the plaintiffs, Mr. Carroll

“4. The plaintiffs respective pension investments in the pension product matured in or

about April, 2014 and June 2014. There has been absolutely no delay prior to

bringing the claim, which was brought soon after the product matured. Due to a

lacuna in the statute of limitation, there is no date of knowledge extension for

financial claims but the first and second named defendants have not brought any

application in relation to limitation…”

24. While the statute of limitations issue is not one for determination in this motion, it was

submitted by counsel for the plaintiffs that, far from being statute barred, the plaintiffs

were not in a position to commence the proceedings until after the investments matured.

In discussing whether this was a correct analysis in the context of the statute of

limitations in Gallagher v. ACC Bank plc., trading as ACC Bank [2012] 2 IR 620, O’Donnell

J. in the Supreme Court commented as follows: (at 662):

“Since a claim cannot be initiated until a cause of action has accrued, then at least

in theory a plaintiff runs the risk of being non-suited if it were determined that the

cause of action had not accrued at the time the claim commenced. The plaintiff in

addition to the risks of starting a claim too late, would now also face a real risk of

having started the claim too early, and would not know for sure until the case was

determined. That would turn the process of initiation of claims into a form of

litigation Russian roulette, and is a conclusion which I would only accept if driven to

it by a clearly expressed legislative choice, or by settled precedent.”

25. Counsel for the first and second named defendants submitted that, whether or not the

claim was statute barred, the fact that the proceedings had been initiated so long after

the facts giving rise to the cause of action should result in the plaintiffs’ case being

regarded as one involving a “late start”. In those circumstances, the first and second

named defendants relied on the dicta of Irvine J. in Millerick v. Minister for Finance

[2016] IECA 206 at para. 21 as follows:

“In assessing whether the High Court judge correctly classified the delay in the

present case as inordinate it is relevant to note that the proceedings were issued

very close to the expiry of the limitation period prescribed for claims of this nature.

In such circumstances there is a special obligation of expedition on a plaintiff to

move matters forward once proceedings are commenced.”

26. Counsel for the first and second named defendants also referred to similar dicta by Irvine

J. in Gorman v. Minister for Justice [2015] IECA 41, and the dicta of O’Malley J. in the

Supreme Court case of Clare Manor Hotel Limited v. The Right Honourable Lord Mayor &

Ors. [2018] IESC 41, at para. 82, in which O’Malley J. stated:

“…where there has been significant pre-commencement delay, it is particularly

incumbent on the plaintiff to progress the matter with expedition…”.

27. The plaintiffs also allege delay on the part of the first and second named defendants.

They point to the fact that, having served the plenary summons on 19th October, 2015,

they did not receive a memorandum of appearance on behalf of the first and second

named defendants until 23rd November, 2016. As I have set out above, the solicitor for

the first and second named defendants sought to explain this delay by a

misunderstanding as to whether or not the first and second defendants were to be served

with an amended summons. There does however appear to have been considerable delay

on the part of the first and second named defendants in furnishing a defence, which was

not delivered until 10th July, 2017, the statement of claim having been delivered on 18th

March, 2016. The plaintiffs also contend, for the reasons set out above, that the pre-

proceedings delay should not be taken into account at all, as they assert that no cause of

action accrued until after the investments matured, and that the proceedings were issued

relatively promptly after this event.

28. There was no dispute between the parties as to the law applicable to an application to

dismiss for want of prosecution, and indeed the principles are well settled. The

appropriate test was set out by the Supreme Court in Primor plc. v. Stokes Kennedy

Crowley [1996] 2 IR 459, and has been applied in numerous cases since then. The test

was succinctly summarised by the Court of Appeal in Millerick as follows:

“18. The Court is obliged to address its mind to three issues. The first is to decide

whether, having regard to the nature of the proceedings and all of the relevant

circumstances, the plaintiff's delay is to be considered inordinate. If it is not so

satisfied the application must fail. If, on the other hand the Court considers the

delay inordinate it must then decide whether that delay can be excused. If the

delay can be excused, once again the application must fail. Should the Court

conclude that the delay is both inordinate and inexcusable it must not dismiss the

proceedings, unless it is also satisfied that the balance of justice would favour such

19. In considering where the balance of justice lies the Court is entitled to have regard

to all of the relevant circumstances pertaining to the proceedings including matters

such as delay or acquiescence on part of the defendant and the potential prejudice

resulting from the delay.”

Was the delay inordinate?

29. It was submitted on behalf of the first and second named defendants that, in considering

whether or not the plaintiffs’ delays are inordinate, I should consider the plaintiffs’ case as

one involving significant pre-commencement delay. As the first and second named

defendants put in their written submission “…the present case is one involving a ‘late

start’ on the part of the plaintiffs, having regard to the fact that the proceedings issued

more than six years after their investment was made, which the first and second named

defendants submit was after the limitation period had expired”.

30. As set out above, the plaintiffs not only deny that their claim is statute barred, but do not

accept that there was any significant pre-commencement delay, due to what they say

was the necessity to wait until the investment had matured before a cause of action was

31. The effect of a “late start” was considered by Murphy J. in Hogan v. Jones [1994] 1 ILRM

512. In that case, Murphy J. approved and applied a principle set out by Lord Diplock in

Birkett v. James [1977] 2 AER 801 at p. 805 as follows:

"It follows a fortiori from what I have already said in relation to the effects of

statutes of limitation on the power of the Court to dismiss actions for want of

prosecution, that time elapsed before the issue of a writ within the limitation period

cannot of itself constitute inordinate delay however much the defendant may

already have been prejudiced by the consequent lack of early notice of the claim

against him, the fading of recollections of his potential witnesses, their death or

their untraceability. To justify the dismissal of an action for want of prosecution the

delay relied on must relate to the time which the plaintiff allows to lapse

unnecessarily after the writ has been issued. A late start makes it the more

incumbent on the plaintiff to proceed with all due speed and a pace which might

have been excusable if the action had been started sooner may be inexcusable in

the light of the time that has already passed before the writ was issued".

32. In adopting this statement in Stevens v. Paul Flynn Limited [2005] IEHC 148, Clarke J.

(as he then was) commented that delay in the commencement of proceedings is “…is a

factor [which] may colour what happens later”.

33. The issue of whether or not the plaintiffs’ claim is statute barred is not before the court on

the present motion. However, whether or not the plaintiffs’ claim is statute barred, the

fact remains that the claims of the plaintiffs rely heavily on representations allegedly

made and advices given to them by the second named defendants in late 2007, and

indeed the nature of the relationship which subsisted between the parties prior to that

period. Whether or not there has been pre-commencement delay or a “late start”, I am

of the view that the fact that the events on which the plaintiffs rely took place in excess of

six years prior to the issue of the plenary summons places the same onus of expedition

on the plaintiffs as if the proceedings had been issued very close to the expiry of the

34. In the present case, the first and second named defendants complain of a delay of a year

between the issue of the plenary summons and its service on those defendants, and the

delays between July 2017 and April 2018 and then between May 2018 and the issue of

the present motion on 28th January, 2019. These periods amount cumulatively to some

29 months. I consider this delay to be inordinate, particularly given what I consider to be

an onus on the plaintiffs to prosecute the proceedings promptly and expeditiously for the

reasons set out above.

35. In particular, I would consider this to be a case where, having made the decision to issue

proceedings, and given the passage of time from the events on which the plaintiffs’ claims

are based, the plaintiffs should have ensured that they were in a position to deliver a

statement of claim to the defendants as soon as possible, and preferably

contemporaneously with delivery of the plenary summons. Instead, the plaintiffs’ solicitor

wrote a detailed letter on 21st October, 2014 to each of the defendants querying various

of their dealings with the Rowan 4 investment. The letters were framed as “O’Byrne

letters”, i.e. letters intimating that the plaintiffs would rely on s.78 of the Courts of Justice

Act 1936 in the event that the plaintiffs were unsuccessful.

36. The first and second named defendants replied by letter of 11th December, 2014 robustly

denying liability and inviting the plaintiffs to withdraw their allegations. At this stage,

there could be no doubt of the attitude of the first and second named defendants to the

proceedings, and a statement of claim should have been delivered very promptly

thereafter. Unfortunately, while there was a further letter from the plaintiffs’ solicitors to

each of the defendants or their solicitors on 13th May, 2015, the plenary summons was

not served on the first and second named defendants until 19th October, 2015, and the

statement of claim was not delivered until 18th March, 2016.

37. In relation to the delays in replying to particulars, I am also of the view that, in all the

circumstances, the plaintiffs should have been in a position to reply promptly and

meaningfully to the notice for particulars issued on behalf of the first and second named

defendants on 10th July, 2017. The replies, furnished on 26th April, 2018 in response to

an order of 26th February, 2018 of this Court compelling the delivery of replies, were

clearly inadequate and lead to a prompt request on 15th May, 2018 for further and better

particulars. While some time would have been required to formulate a full and proper

reply to the notice for particulars of 10th July, 2017, the cumulative delay – from July

2017 to April 2018, and from May 2018 to the end of January 2019 – of approximately 17

months, in circumstances where there was an onus on the plaintiffs to expedite the

proceedings, was clearly inordinate in itself.

38. When one takes into account the delay in serving the plenary summons, it is clear in my

view that the cumulative delay by the plaintiffs in prosecuting the proceedings is

inordinate. It then falls to the court to decide whether such a delay is inexcusable.

Is the delay inexcusable?

39. The plaintiffs seek to excuse the delays in a number of ways. As we have seen, Mr.

Carroll’s affidavit of 7th May, 2019 on behalf of the plaintiffs asserts firstly that there was

in fact no delay in initiating the claim, as it was initiated “soon after the product matured”

[Para. 4]. Mr. Carroll goes on to refer to the detailed letters sent on 21st October, 2014,

the day after the issue of the plenary summons, to all the defendants, and to the

subsequent detailed letters written to each of the defendants or their solicitors on 13th

May, 2015. The first named defendant replied by letter of 11th December, 2014, signed

by the second named defendant, but these defendants do not appear to have responded

to the letter of 13th May, 2015 sent to them.

40. Mr. Carroll’s affidavit then refers to there being, after delivery of the statement of claim,

in March, 2016, and “exchange of a very significant volume of motions and requests and

replies to particulars between the defendants and …the action is now at requests for

discovery stage”. [Para. 7]. The claim against the sixth named defendant was

discontinued on 3rd February, 2016, as its assets had been transferred to the seventh

named defendant. Mr. Carroll avers that, following negotiations with its solicitors, the

claim against the seventh named defendant was compromised and discontinued on 7th

January, 2017. The proceedings were not in fact served on the 5th named defendant, as

the plaintiffs had decided not to proceed against that defendant.

41. It appears therefore that the claim is now being pursued only against the first four

defendants. No pleadings at all were delivered to the fifth named defendant, and the

case against the sixth named defendant was discontinued against that entity before

delivery of the statement of claim on the other defendants. There also does not appear to

have been any significant engagement by the plaintiffs with the seventh named

defendants after delivery of the statement of claim in March 2016, other than the

aforementioned negotiations as a result of which the proceedings against that defendant

42. In addition to the plaintiffs’ dealings with the first and second named defendants, the

third named defendant delivered a 25-page notice for particulars on 4th May, 2016.

Replies to these particulars were delivered in response on 27th January, 2017. The third

named defendant delivered a defence on 31st March, 2017.

43. As regards the fourth named defendant, there was a difficulty with service on that

defendant which necessitated an application by the plaintiffs to this Court for the renewal

of the summons and the issue of a concurrent plenary summons for service on the fourth

named defendant. An order was made in this regard by the High Court (Moriarty J.) on

11th April, 2016. The fourth named defendant then applied to set aside that order. This

resulted in a judgment being delivered by the High Court (McDermott J.) on 9th

December, 2016, in which the fourth named defendant’s application was refused. There

was then a motion for judgment in default of appearance from the plaintiffs against the

fourth named defendant which came before the court on 22nd May, 2017. After an

appearance had been entered by that defendant, the plaintiffs issued a motion for

judgment in default of defence which came before the court on 10th December, 2018, at

which point the solicitors for the fourth named defendant requested time to deliver a

defence. The fourth named defendant subsequently delivered a defence on 22nd

44. In summary, issues relating to particulars and the delivery of a defence as regards the

third and fourth named defendants were agitated between the delivery of the statement

of claim in March, 2016, and December, 2018 when the plaintiffs’ motion for judgment

against the fourth named defendant came before this Court. The period between March

2016 and December 2016 seems to have been taken up initially with the fourth named

defendant’s unsuccessful attempt to set aside the order of 11th April, 2016 renewing the

summons. This issue was not resolved until the judgment and order of McDermott J. on

9th December, 2016. While Mr. Carroll asserts in his affidavit that an appearance was

entered by the fourth named defendant “only after” the return date of a motion for

judgment in default of appearance on 22nd May, 2017, an exhibit to his affidavit detailing

a chronology of events states that the appearance was entered on 23rd March, 2017.

Even accepting that the appearance may in fact have been lodged shortly after and

presumably in response to the motion, the plaintiffs give no explanation as to why no

motion for judgment in default of defence against the fourth named defendant was issued

until 17th October, 2018, over a year later.

45. In all the circumstances, I do not accept that the delays of the plaintiffs as against the

first and second named defendants are justified by events in the proceedings involving

the other defendants. Responsibility for the delays between the delivery of the statement

of claim (March 2016) and the delivery of its defence by the fourth named defendant

(January 2019) cannot be attributed solely to the plaintiffs. Nonetheless, they were

responsible for substantial delay during that period. While it may be argued by the

plaintiffs that they were engaged in progressing the litigation against all defendants and

that this necessarily involved a slower rate of progress than if there were proceedings

against the first and second named defendants alone, it is asserted by the first and

second named defendants – and not denied by the plaintiffs – that not until receipt of Mr.

Carroll’s affidavit in the present motion were they apprised of the matters involving

prosecution of the claims against the various other defendants which the plaintiffs say

contributed to the delay in progressing matters against the first and second named

46. It seems to me that, in circumstances where plaintiffs are under an onus due to a “late

start” to prosecute proceedings promptly and without further delay, there is a

concomitant onus on the plaintiffs to apprise the defendants of any difficulties which are

causing further delay, so that the defendants are assured of the plaintiffs’ intention to

proceed with their claims, and are not left in the dark as to whether or not the plaintiffs

will press on with the matter. A plaintiff who has fully apprised a defendant of delays

involving other defendants is, apart from anything else, in a much better position to argue

that the defendant who has been informed of the reasons for the delay and does not

object to or complain about such delays, has effectively acquiesced in the delay and

cannot subsequently complain about it. On the other hand, where there is unexplained

delay on the part of a plaintiff whose proceedings have already commenced with a “late

start” a defendant may be able to argue with some force that it was entitled to assume

that the plaintiff had thought better of going ahead, and that it is prejudiced in the

preparation of its defence by the unexplained delay.

47. Mr. Carroll asserts at para. 18 of his affidavit that “…the plaintiffs found it time-consuming

to obtain comprehensive expert reports in this matter and …great time and effort was

required in order to obtain same”. However, no further details of the plaintiffs’ efforts in

this regard are given, nor is any explanation offered as to why expert reports were not

obtained prior to the issue of proceedings, even if the investment had not matured.

48. In all the circumstances, I do not accept that the matters put forward by the plaintiffs as

causing delay excuse their own inaction in that regard. I find therefore that the delays of

the plaintiff are both inordinate and inexcusable, and in the circumstances it falls to the

court to decide whether the balance of justice requires the proceedings to be dismissed.

The balance of justice

49. In deciding whether or not the balance of justice is in favour of dismissal or permitting the

plaintiffs’ action to proceed, the court should

“…aim at a global appreciation of the interests of justice and should balance all the

considerations as they emerge from the conduct of and the interests of all the

parties to the litigation. The separate considerations mentioned by Hamilton C.J. [in

Primor] should not be treated as distinct cumulative tests but as related matters

affecting the central decision as to what is just.” [Fennelly J. in Anglo Irish Beef

Processors Limited v. Montgomery [2002] 3 IR 510, 518.]

50. While all relevant matters must be taken into account, two issues invariably arise: firstly,

whether the defendant was prejudiced by the plaintiffs’ delay; and secondly, whether

there was anything in the defendant’s conduct which militated against granting the reliefs

51. The first and second named defendants assert that the issues between the parties which

fall to be decided by the court will require both documentary and oral evidence. They say

that the evidence of witnesses with knowledge of events leading up to the investment by

the plaintiffs in 2008 which has given rise to the plaintiffs’ claim is vital to the

presentation of the first and second named defendants’ defence. They assert that they

have been prejudiced by reason of the lapse of time and delay in the manner in which the

claim has been prosecuted.

52. The second named defendant asserts that he suffers particular prejudice due to the fact

that an allegation of professional negligence is hanging over him for a lengthy period of

time. He relies on the Court of Appeal decision in Farrell v. Arborlane Limited

[2016] IECA 224, in which the Court of Appeal confirmed that such a scenario can establish

prejudice and justify the dismissal of a claim for want of prosecution. Farrell was cited

with approval by Baker J. in her decision in O’Leary v. Turner & Ors. [2018] IEHC 7, in

“…the present proceedings are inter partes professional negligence proceedings of a

type that ought, in a general way, be processed with expedition because of the

likely reputational damage or other prejudice that may be suffered by a defendant

to a stale action…”

53. The first and second named defendants also submit that the prejudice which they say

arises in the present case is “significantly amplified” by the fact that the plaintiffs have

alleged fraud against them. While the plaintiffs’ allegations in this regard appeared to be

withdrawn in Mr. Carroll’s affidavit, counsel for the plaintiffs clarified during the hearing

that the potential claim for fraudulent and/or negligent misrepresentation by the second

named defendant remain an issue in the proceedings, and the plaintiffs sought to resist

the alternative application by the first and second named defendants to strike out those

54. The plaintiffs reject the notion that there is any prejudice to the first and second named

defendants such as would justify the dismissal of the proceedings. Counsel for the

plaintiffs submitted that the proceedings were initiated in a timely manner for the reasons

set out above, and that there has been no undue delay in prosecuting the action. It was

submitted that the first and second named defendants are unable to point to any

particular prejudice which will impair their ability to defend the case, such as the

unavailability of a witness or relevant documentation.

55. In my view, the first and second named defendants have demonstrated that they are

prejudiced in their defence of the matter. Over five years have elapsed since the

proceedings commenced, and approximately twelve years since the plaintiffs entered into

the investment on the basis of what they allege were advices and representations by the

second named defendant. It is clear that oral evidence will be required as to the dealings

between the plaintiffs on the one hand, and the second named defendant on the other, as

to the parameters of their relationship and the duties and obligations which arose from it.

Their “late start” would have created difficulties for the first and second named

defendants in this regard. These difficulties have now been compounded by the

inordinate and inexcusable delay of the plaintiffs in getting the matter on to trial.

56. I am also persuaded by the submission of the first and second named defendants that

they suffer not insignificant prejudice by virtue of allegations of professional negligence

and fraud being made against them by the plaintiffs. In such circumstances, I am of the

view that the first and second named defendants are all the more entitled to expect

expedition from the plaintiffs, given the nature of the allegations.

57. While the absence of a very specific prejudice such as the unavailability of a witness may

cause the prejudice suffered by the first and second named defendants to fall within the

“moderate” category referred to by Clarke J. (as he then was) in Stephens v. Paul Flynn

Limited, recent jurisprudence suggests that such prejudice may justify the dismissal of

the proceedings. In Millerick, Irvine J. suggested that “in the presence of inordinate and

inexcusable delay even marginal prejudice may justify the dismissal of the proceedings.”

O’Flaherty J. in Primor suggested that, once it is established that delay has been

inordinate and inexcusable, “…the matter of prejudice seems to follow almost inexorably”.

This statement was quoted with approval by Quirke J. in O’Connor v. John Player & Sons

Limited [2004] IEHC 99, in which the court concluded that the plaintiffs’ claim should be

dismissed even though the defendants had not identified any specific prejudice which

would be suffered by them as a result of the plaintiffs’ delay.

58. In assessing whether or not the first and second named defendants are entitled to have

the claims against them dismissed, their own conduct in the proceedings must be

examined by the court. In this regard, the plaintiffs refer to what they assert are

substantial delays on the part of the first and second named defendants in taking various

steps in the proceedings. In particular, the plaintiffs assert that the first and second

named defendants delayed for approximately a year in entering their appearance, and

filed the appearance on 23rd November, 2016 only as a result of a motion on behalf of

the plaintiffs for judgment in default of appearance. The plaintiffs also complain of the

delay in procuring a defence from the first and second named defendants. In this regard,

a statement of claim was delivered on 18th March, 2016, but the first and second named

defendants did not deliver their defence until 10th July, 2017. The plaintiffs assert that

the first and second named defendants have contributed substantially to the delays in the

proceedings to date.

59. As I have outlined above, the first and second named defendants explain the delay in

entering the appearance as arising from a misunderstanding as a result of which they

expected the delivery by the plaintiffs of an amended summons, which was in fact

intended for the fourth named defendant. The first and second named defendants do not

attempt to justify the delay in delivering the defence, other than to assert in written

submissions that “…that period was not unduly long when viewed in the context of the

progress of the proceedings”.

60. Delay on the defendant’s part is certainly a factor which must be taken into account in

deciding where the balance of justice lies. The weight to be attached to such a factor was

examined by the Court of Appeal in Millerick. Irvine J. referred to the decision of Fennelly

J. in Anglo Irish Beef Processors Limited and the distinction drawn in that case between

culpable delay on the part of a defendant and mere inaction. Irvine J. refers to the

conclusion of Fennelly J. “…that it is the plaintiff who bears the primary responsibility for

prosecuting the action expeditiously and that lesser blame should be apportioned to a

defendant where they have been guilty of mere inactivity as opposed to actual delay.”

61. Having reviewed the authorities, Irvine J. stated as follows:

“36. It is clear from the authorities that the conduct of both parties to proceedings has

to be examined in considering an application of this kind. Having said that, the

judgment of Fennelly J. in Anglo Irish Beef Processors Limited makes clear that it is

the conduct of the litigation by the plaintiff, that is the primary focus of attention.

A defendant does not have an obligation to bring the proceedings to hearing.

Litigation involves one party bringing a claim against another and unless there is

some behaviour on the part of the defendant that constitutes acquiescence in the

delay, his silence or inactivity is not material. It is obviously not a consideration on

the first question as to whether the delay is inordinate and inexcusable. The only

way it can arise therefore is in the balance of justice. The question at that point is

whether the defendant caused or contributed to the plaintiffs’ delay or in some

manner gave the plaintiff to understand or lead him to believe that the defendant

was acquiescing in the delay. Mere silence or inactivity in itself is insufficient

because that does not communicate acceptance to the plaintiff. This understanding

of the law is also consistent with the later authorities of the Supreme Court and the

37. In my view, the Minister in the present case cannot be deemed culpable for mere

inactivity. After all, it is the plaintiff who commences legal proceedings and draws

the defendant into the legal process. No defendant wants to be embroiled in

litigation with all of its potential adverse consequences, be they financial,

reputational or otherwise. In many cases the plaintiff has no valid claim and they

may be no mark for any award of costs that a defendant may obtain following a

successful defence of the proceedings. Often times, a defendant’s personal or

professional reputation may be badly scarred regardless of having mounted a

successful defence to a claim.

38. Why should a defendant who believes that there is some chance that the plaintiff,

because of their tardy approach, may not further pursue litigation against them be

blamed for failing to take positive steps to have the action progressed regardless of

whether or not they consider the claim against them well founded? If they believe

the claim is likely to be successful, should they be criticised for failing to stir the

reluctant plaintiff into action in proceedings that may cause them personal,

professional or financial ruin? Likewise, if they consider they have a good defence,

why should they be damnified for failing to embrace the potential additional costs of

ensuring that proceedings that might otherwise wither and die advance to trial?

39. For these reasons I am satisfied that in order for a defendant’s conduct to be

weighed against it when the court comes to consider where the balance of justice

lies, a plaintiff must be in a position to demonstrate that the defendant’s conduct

was culpable in causing part or all of the delay. In other words a simple failure on

the part of a defendant to bring an application to strike out the proceedings will not

suffice. Such inactivity must be accompanied by some conduct that might be

considered to amount to positive acquiescence in the delay or be such as would

likely give some reassurance to a plaintiff that they intend defending the claim, as

might arise if, for example, they were to raise a notice for particulars or seek

discovery during a lengthy period of delay.”

62. The plaintiffs complain of two delays – the failure to enter an appearance, and the failure

to deliver a defence. In relation to the former, the evidence of Mr. Liam Collins, solicitor

for the first and second named defendants, is that the plaintiffs’ solicitors sent letters

dated 11th March, 2016 – shortly before the delivery of the statement of claim on 18th

March, 2016 - to the first and second named defendants requesting that they enter an

appearance. Shortly after that, the correspondence was passed to Mr. Collins, who

carried out the search on the Courts Service website which lead to his misunderstanding

that an amended summons remained to be served on his clients. He appears to have

realised his error when the plaintiffs served a motion for judgment in default of

appearance on his clients, and duly entered the appearance on 23rd November, 2016 in

response to the motion. While obviously it would have been preferable if Mr. Collins had

raised the issue of the amended summons with the plaintiffs’ solicitors when he conducted

the search, I do not believe that the delay in entering the appearance was “culpable” in

the sense in which that phrase is used in the jurisprudence, nor do I accept that the delay

constituted acquiescence on the part of the first and second named defendants to the

delays for which the plaintiffs had been responsible up to that point.

63. The second delay in delivering the defence is more problematic from the first and second

named defendants’ point of view. They do not attempt to excuse the delay, other than to

assert that it was “…not unduly long when viewed in the context of the progress of the

proceedings.” Being a failure to deliver pleadings, in my view this delay falls squarely

into the category of “culpable delay”. The question to be resolved is the extent to which

this failure on the first and second named defendants’ part should weigh in assessing the

balance of justice against the inordinate and inexcusable delay of the plaintiffs.

64. As Irvine J. suggested in the passage from Millerick quoted above, one must analyse the

defendant’s conduct to see whether the inactivity on their part was “…accompanied by

some conduct that might be considered to amount to positive acquiescence in the delay

or be such as would likely give some reassurance to a plaintiff that they intend defending

the claim, as might arise if, for example, they were to raise a notice for particulars or

seek discovery during a lengthy period of delay…” [Para. 39].

65. While there was lengthy inactivity on the part of the first and second named defendants

between March 2016 and July 2017, there is no evidence or even assertion that this lead

the plaintiffs to believe that the first and second named defendants acquiesced in the

delay. There was no correspondence or notice for particulars emanating from the first

and second named defendants which might have lead the plaintiffs to believe that the first

and second named defendants had decided not to press the point in relation to delay, and

had thereby acquiesced in it. It certainly took the first and second named defendants

much longer than it should have to deliver their defence. It may well be that the sort of

considerations outlined at para. 38 of the judgment of Irvine J. in Millerick referred to

above were contemplated, and that the first and second named defendants considered

that the lack of expedition of the plaintiff’s case suggested that the case might not

ultimately proceed to trial.

66. While one can speculate as to the first and second named defendant’s motives, the fact is

that they took no action in the proceedings until compelled to do so by the plaintiffs’

motion for judgment returnable on 22nd May, 2017. They then delivered on 10th July,

2017 a full defence setting out their position in detail, and a lengthy notice for particulars.

It seems to me that the first and second named defendants at that point accepted that

their “heads down” approach had not worked. As we have seen, delivery of the defence

and notice for particulars was followed by lengthy delays on the part of the plaintiffs

which have lead ultimately to the present application.

67. Far from acquiescing in the plaintiffs’ delay, the first and second named defendants

submit that, given the delays between July 2017 and January 2019, the wholly

inadequate replies to particulars (and in particular the reply to the legitimate queries in

relation to the fraudulent misrepresentation claim referred to at para. 18 above) and the

initial delay in serving the plenary summons, the balance of justice warrants the dismissal

of the plaintiffs’ claim. There is no suggestion of acquiescence or culpable delay on the

part of the first and second named defendants since delivery of the defence in July 2017.

The first and second named defendants are entitled to be concerned at the rate of

progress of this litigation, and the manner in which the prejudice, which in my view, they

are undoubtedly suffering is being compounded by ongoing delays. In all the

circumstances, I do not believe that the delays for which the first and second named

defendants are responsible signify acquiescence to the inordinate and inexcusable delay

of the plaintiffs, or that they should disentitle the first and second named defendants to

the relief they seek.

68. I should say also that, as Irvine J. commented in Millerick “…recent decisions of the

Superior Courts emphasise the constitutional imperative to bring to an end the all too

long standing culture of delays in litigation so as to ensure the effective administration of

justice and basic fairness of procedures.” Irvine J. went on to quote with approval the

dicta of Hogan J. in Quinn v. Faulkner T/A Faulkner’s Garage & Anor. [2011] IEHC 103 as

“While as Charleton J. pointed out in Kelly v. Doyle [2010] IEHC 396 it would be

wrong for the Court to strike out proceedings because of judicial disapproval, it

must also be acknowledged that experience has also shown that the courts must

also become more pro-active in terms of undue delay, since past judicial practices

which had tolerated such inactivity on the part of litigants and which led to a

culture of almost "endless indulgence" towards such delays led in turn to a situation

where inordinate delay was all too common: see, e.g., the comments of Hardiman

J. in Gilroy v. Flynn [2004] IESC 98, [2005] 1 ILRM 290 and those of Clarke J. in

Rodenhuis and Verloop BV v. HDS Energy Ltd. [2010] IEHC 465.”

69. In all the circumstances, I am satisfied that the balance of justice lies in favour of

acceding to the application of the first and second named defendants to dismiss the

plaintiffs’ proceedings as against those defendants for delay and want of prosecution.

70. As I am of the view that the delays on the part of the plaintiffs of which the first and

second named defendants complain are inordinate and inexcusable, and that the balance

of justice favours dismissal of the plaintiffs’ claim, I must accede to the application of the

first and second named defendants in that regard.

71. Accordingly, it is unnecessary for me to consider the reliefs sought at para. 2 of the notice

of motion seeking to strike out certain of the plaintiffs’ claims.

Result: The application on the part of the first and second named defendants was acceded to in seeking to dismiss the plaintiffs' claim for inordinate and inexcusable delay.

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You are here: BAILII >> Databases >> High Court of Ireland Decisions >> Pugh & Anor v P.G.M. Financial Services Ltd & Ors [2020] IEHC 49 (23 January 2020) URL: http://www.bailii.org/ie/cases/IEHC/2020/2020IEHC49.html Cite as: [2020] IEHC 49

High Court of Ireland Decisions